Facial Bone Fractures: Diagnosis, Repair Methods, and Surgical Process
The facial region is an area prone to trauma, where bone fractures are frequently encountered. Especially fractures of the cheekbone (zygomatic bone), nasal bone, lower jaw (mandible), and upper jaw (maxilla) can develop due to causes such as traffic accidents, sports injuries, or falls.
The primary goal of treatment is to repair the facial bones in their correct anatomical position and to ensure no permanent scars or deformities are left, both functionally and aesthetically. Additionally, when facial bone fractures are observed, the patient must be comprehensively evaluated for intracranial, neck, trunk, and abdominal traumas. Excluding life-threatening conditions is the priority in this process.
Orbital (Eye Socket) Fractures
In cases of fractures in the bones surrounding the eye, patients may experience symptoms such as double vision (diplopia), limitation in eye movements, and a sunken appearance of the eye (enophthalmos). This situation can affect both visual functions and aesthetic appearance. Furthermore, depending on the severity of the fracture, damage to the optic nerves or surrounding tissues may occur.
Diagnosis and Evaluation
In the diagnosis of facial bone fractures, classical X-ray films may provide information in some cases; however, computed tomography (CT) is generally preferred for detailed evaluation. In this way, the type and location of the fracture, and its relationship with surrounding tissues, are clearly identified.
Surgical Planning and Treatment Methods
A treatment plan is made based on the location and severity of the fracture, as well as the patient's general condition. While medical follow-up and rest may be sufficient in some cases, surgical intervention is required especially for displaced fractures that impair function or aesthetics.
In the surgery of facial bone fractures, approaches that leave no scars or minimal scars are prioritized. If the patient has an existing incision due to trauma and it is in a suitable position, this incision can be used for surgical entry. Otherwise, the intervention is performed through the mouth, eyelid, or scalp in a way that is not visible from the outside.
During surgery, the fractured bones are stabilized with titanium plates and screws. These materials are biocompatible and usually do not need to be removed.
Functional and Aesthetic Outcomes
Facial bone fractures are important not only for appearance but also from a functional standpoint. Especially in upper or lower jaw fractures, the alignment of the teeth (occlusion) may be disturbed. This can lead to negative effects on chewing, speech, and aesthetic balance. Similarly, losses in facial symmetry may occur in asymmetric fractures. The aim of surgery is to restore both aesthetic integrity and jaw closure.
Recovery Process and Care
In the postoperative period, swelling and bruising on the face are natural. These complaints usually subside within a few weeks. In surgeries directed at the eye area, temporary double vision or limitation in eye movements may occur, but these mostly resolve over time.
Regarding nutrition, liquid foods are recommended in the first days, especially for patients who have undergone jaw fracture surgery. Soft foods are introduced according to the recovery process. Additionally, in cases of postoperative bleeding or leakage, tampon applications and medical support are utilized.